Autumn Meadowhawk

When it gets late into the summer, I enjoy patrolling the edge of the pond outside my place to stay sharp on meadowhawks.  In the Victoria area, we certainly have Sympetrum diversity on our side with nine of the ten species found in province occurring locally.  Around the pond outside my place, I have noted seven species of meadowhawk.  The crown jewel of my pond's meadowhawk list is Cherry-faced Meadowhawk, which had not been recorded on Vancouver Island before I found one on the grass, caught it by hand, and took some close-up photos that confirmed its identity.  That may be the most notable meadowhawk I have found here, but I personally enjoy seeing Autumn Meadowhawks the most of the seven.  The common name for it used to be Yellow-legged Meadowhawk, which is an equally fitting name.  Autumn Meadowhawk is named as such because it is the meadowhawk with the latest flight period.  By late September, only a few species of meadowhawk are still flying and Autumn Meadowhawk is known to be on the wing as late as mid-November.  The old common name, Yellow-legged Meadowhawk, is nice because it refers to a visual feature: as adults they have yellow-brown legs.  Other small meadowhawks found here have black legs, so it is quite noticeable when you spot a vibrant red dragonfly with dingy legs.

Today, I grabbed my camera and did a few laps around the pond hoping to find a cooperative Autumn Meadowhawk.  It took a while to wade through all the Striped Meadowhawks and find something different, but eventually I noticed one that was just a touch smaller and had a brighter, poppy red abdomen.  My next step was to check out the thorax to ensure it didn't have the telltale stripes of a Striped Meadowhawk.  Everything was looking promising as the individual in question had a solid bronzy-red thorax.  Then, to seal the deal, the diagnostic yellow-brown leg check, which also passed my inspection.  To put the icing on the cake, the Autumn Meadowhawk was posing nicely on a rush.  I crouched down and snapped off several shots before it zipped off as a darner darted low over it.

Poppy red abdomen... check!  Solid bronzy-red thorax... check!  Yellow-brown legs... check!  Perfect Autumn Meadowhawk!

Although it will appear quite obvious from close-up photos, I nabbed a few shots of a Striped Meadowhawk for comparison.

The stripes on the side and front of the thorax are a dead giveaway you've got a Striped Meadowhawk!

Dragonfly diversity is still quite high, so get out to your local pond and see what you can find.  Perhaps you'll be able to put your Autumn Meadowhawk skills to the test?

Summer Pond Blues

Don't worry... I haven't slipped into a depression over the reduced bird activity.  In fact, the bird activity is ramping back up nicely with shorebirds passing through and passerines starting to shuffle around.  Instead, I am referring to a pair of nice blue dragonflies that can be found flying together through June and July: Blue Dashers (Pachydiplax longipennis) and Western Pondhawks (Erythemis collocata).  In British Columbia, the distribution of these two species is quite restricted and they are both provincially blue-listed.  Their ranges are virtually identical, occurring primarily west of the Coast Mountains to approximately 50°0'N, but also sneaking north of the border into the southern interior to the north end of Osoyoos Lake.

To the untrained eye, the males of these two species probably look very similar.  With a few pointers, I am confident you will be able to sort them out.  The females, on the other hand, are very different and you should never get them mixed up.  I will focus on the males here because they are both powdery blue denizens of ponds and marshes on southern Vancouver Island.  Luckily for me, I just have to step outside my door and both are flying around the small manmade pond here.

On July 13, I lazed a good portion of the day away as I had just returned from the buggiest, muggiest work trip I have been on in ages.  I kept telling myself to get out and enjoy the day but I was just so content relaxing.  Finally, I picked myself up and got all my gear together.  I walked out the door and started to load up the vehicle to take off and then got distracted by all the dragonflies around the pond.  I was thrilled to see a Blue Dasher right next to a Western Pondhawk, which was really the motivation behind this entry.  Not only was I able to study the visual characteristics of these two species, I was able to note differences in their behaviour.

This turquoise-eyed beauty is a male Blue Dasher

While this deeper blue-eyed dragonfly is a Western Pondhawk

There should be a few features that stand out to differentiate these two if you did a quick compare and contrast.  They are both mid-sized dragonflies that have powder blue pruinosity, but that just gives them a superficial similarity that is enough to throw a skilled observer off if they only get a quick fly-by view.  Let's break down the walls of identification systematically.  Starting with the head, I already mentioned the slight difference in eye colour: radiant turquoise for male Blue Dashers and a somewhat swirling deep blue for male Western Pondhawks.  Before I delve any further, I will take this opportunity to give a quick anatomy lesson for the head of a dragonfly.  Every group of organisms seemingly has new terminology for different parts and it would be cruel to throw out a few of these words without context!

Dragonfly head anatomy, using a Western Pondhawk to illustrate the features

As you can see, the vertex of the male Western Pondhawk is green, as is the frons, clypeus, and labrum.  On a Blue Dasher, the vertex is black and the frons, clypeus, and labrum are all white.  I think of the frons, clypeus, and labrum together as the "face" and I find assessing the colour of the face tp be the easiest way to distinguish these two.  Below is a head on view of a Blue Dasher for comparison.

See... it's not so daunting if you just stare them in the face!

Dragonflies don't always offer up the greatest looks, so I have a few other features to look for if you happen to find one that is facing away.  If you can get a look at the wings, Blue Dashers have amber staining at the base of the wings, while wings of Western Pondhawks lack staining.  Next, the thorax of a Blue Dashers is patterned yellow-and-black before the pruinescent blush achieved with maturity obscures it. This striped pattern can usually be discerned through the granular blue coating.  Western Pondhawks, in contrast, are lime green before the pruinescent pigmentation effectively covers that colouration.  Look back to the first photo of a Western Pondhawk to see an example of a Western Pondhawk that has not fully coated its thorax and has some green peeking through.  Finally, the last two segments of a male Blue Dasher's abdomen are usually darker than the rest of the abdomen, whereas a Western Pondhawk has a rather uniform powder blue abdomen.  Just like the thorax pattern, this feature seemingly fades as individuals mature and more pruinosity coats the abdomen.  I have a couple shots that hopefully illustrate the three features mentioned.

The amber-stained wing bases, patterning on the thorax seen through the forewing, and dark-tipped abdomen of a Blue Dasher are illustrated by this shot

This shot provides a better angle to see the thorax patterning that is not fully obscured by pruinosity

As you can see, the wings of Western Pondhawks lack staining

Now I'll touch on a couple features that are harder to use.  First, the size of these two differs ever-so-slightly.  You need a bit of experience with them to get a sense that the average Western Pondhawk is several millimetres bigger than the average Blue Dasher.  According to Cannings' "Introducing the Dragonflies of British Columbia and the Yukon", male Western Pondhawks are 42 mm and male Blue Dashers are 38 mm.  I imagine you're thinking it's crazy to think you can tell notice a few millimetres difference, but it is surprisingly easy.  It is, after all, 10% of the dragonfly's length!  The last observation I made that seems to help distinguish these two is their choice of perches.  Blue Dashers seem to prefer picking elevated perches at the pond's edge.  The perches are typically vegetation, such as cattails, rushes, or leafy emergent plants.  Western Pondhawks almost land on the ground or on flat surfaces.  For instance, I pretty much exclusively saw Western Pondhawks resting on large rocks, wooden boards, algae mats, and trimmed grass.

Western Pondhawk on a piece of plywood near the pond edge

Two Blue Dashers agree they prefer leafy emergent aquatic plants!

Now that we've broken down the walls, hurry up and get out there to test your skills before their flight season is over!  I would recommend heading to Swan Lake, the Beaver Lake retriever ponds, Viaduct Flats, or Rithet's Bog if you're looking for suggestions.  I have also had success with Western Pondhawks around small reservoirs in agricultural areas.  Feel free to write back with tales of success and also let me know if there is another local species comparison you would like me to write about.

First Record of Elusive Clubtail for Alberta

I just started a very exclusive club where all the members have seen Elusive Clubtail in Alberta.  How many memberships have been given out?  Just one... self high-five!

Before heading up to Fort McMurray earlier in the spring, I perused through Dennis Paulson's excellent "Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West" field guide to see if there was any potential to encounter odonates I had never seen before.  I learned that I could potentially see Plains Forktail (Ischnura damula), Prairie Bluet (Coenagrion angulatum), Boreal Snaketail (Ophiogomphus colubrinus), and maybe Forcipate Emerald (Somatochlora forcipata) or Beaverpond Baskettail (Epitheca canis). The distribution map of Elusive Clubtail (Stylurus notatus), however, was extremely intriguing. A slim band running across southern Manitoba appeared to be furthest west portion of its contiguous range, which runs off the map to the east (I need the eastern counterpart guide to see the full extent of its range). After that, three anomalous records with a great deal of distance between them made up the remainder, with a single record above Alberta in the Northwest Territories being the westernmost. I did a mental connect-the-dots and dared to dream.

I never actually expected to find Elusive Clubtails despite letting my mind run wild with the possibility.  The species name alludes to its life history: after larvae in slow-moving rivers climb up onto rocks, the adults emerge from their larval casings (or exuviae), and then fly up into the forest canopy where they spend the majority of their adult life.  Consequently, you have to get lucky and find them emerging or breeding.

This photo illustrates the emergence of an adult from its larval exoskeleton ("exuvia")

I was fortunate enough to have a low intensity day at work, which just required me to run some errands around Fort McMurray on June 30th. I took advantage of this by heading down to a section of the Clearwater River that I visited last year. The weather was quite warm, as it had been for the previous couple of days. When I reached the end of the short trail, I scrambled down some boulders to get to the river's edge and flushed up a very freshly emerged dragonfly. I looked at it with my binoculars and recognized it as a member of the family Gomphidae, and specifically thought it looked like a clubtail. I had seen my first Boreal Snaketails a couple days earlier and had no idea what a freshly emerged snaketail would look like - was this one? I snapped a couple record shots and pondered the perching posture it had taken when it landed. The dragonfly was hanging from a leaf and made me think it was not a snaketail. Rather, it appeared to belong to the genus Stylurus, also known as the "hanging clubtails".

This is a shot of the first individual encountered, which shows why
 members of the genus Stylurus are called "hanging clubtails"

I proceeded to find several more individuals (approximately ten in total) and their similarity to Olive Clubtail (Stylurus olivaceus) - the only other Stylurus I have seen - was remarkable. I photographed a few more individuals, including a couple males that appeared to have slightly more mature colouration, and when I left I was quite confident it was going to be an exciting find.

This male Elusive Clubtail was the most striking individual I encountered.
You can see its wings still haven't fully inflated.

I followed up my sighting by contacting a couple respected odonatologists and they confirmed my suspicion - these were the first documented Elusive Clubtails in Alberta! I still can't believe all the luck that led to the sighting - the weather, the location, and the timing were just perfect! Not only is this the first time I've had a provincial first record, but this species is probably the least understood dragonfly I've ever encountered.  Hopefully this record can be used to build a further understanding of their range from western Manitoba over to the Northwest Territories.